This chapter explores police activity by ethnicity of persons stopped and searched and/or arrested. , Data used in the HMPPS workforce quarterly statistics are self-declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2021. More detailed information on the reforms can be found at the following: SEND code of practice: 0 to 25 years. In 2020, 45% of all defendants prosecuted for drug offences at Crown Court were remanded in custody . In 2020, the Black ethnic group had the highest proportion of defendants electing themselves to be heard at a Crown Court, at 20%. The ACSL for drug offences has increased across all ethnic groups over the past 5 years. Concordance rates for all PSR figures can be found in the defendants tables (5.14b)[footnote 41]. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. Graham and Bowling (1995) Found that blacks (43%) and whites (44%) had similar and almost identical rates of crime, but Asians actually had lower rates (Indians- 30%, Pakistanis-28% and Bangladeshi-13%). 178 300 sexual violence crimes in the EU in 2020, a stop in a growing trend. In 2020, 37% of all defendants prosecuted for sexual offences at Crown Court were remanded in custody . The difference in ACSL can be attributed to a range of factors, including the varying offence mix across ethnic groups (see figure 8.01). This contrasts with the proportion of pupils in the overall population where 14% are eligible for FSM. These proportions have remained relatively stable over the last 5-year period. Where figures have been published, links are provided as part of the text and tables. In 2020, a higher proportion of prosecutions of Black and Mixed defendants were against children, 12% and 14% respectively, compared to 5% of White defendants[footnote 63]. This was the only region in which homicide victims were more likely to be from the Black ethnic group (42%), followed by White ethnic group (40%). This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-statistics-2020/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2020. In 2020, of the defendants prosecuted, 76% were White, 12% were Black, 7% were Asian, 4% were of Mixed ethnicity groups, and 2% were Chinese or Other ethnic groups. It is considered a more useful concept than race. Most of the racism in America has been between the whites against the blacks and . The Probation Service supervises offenders living in the community under a court order[footnote 57], including those starting supervision as a result of a community or suspended sentence and those who have been released from prison on licence. These decreases are mainly due to court restrictions as a result of COVID-19^59]. A pupil may be excluded for one or more suspensions up to a maximum of 45 school days in a single academic year. Arrest Statistics by Ethnicity. This is the latest . Since 2016, White defendants have had a consistently lower average custodial sentence length (ACSL) than other ethnic groups. Personal crime [footnote 11] against adults. , The Police National Computer has a 6+1 ethnicity classification. The total number of stop and searches, where ethnicity was known, increased between 2017/18 (266,000) and 2020/21 (557,000). Findings from a data sharing exercise between the MoJ and the Department for Education (DfE) are presented here, with analysis on a matched cohort of those who were in year 6 in either 2008/09 or 2009/10 and who were aged ten at the start of those academic years[footnote 70]. The reoffending rate was highest for children across all ethnic groups compared to adults. The latest trends are mostly reflective of the impact of the pandemic on court processes and prioritisation rather than a continuation of the longer-term series. As such, the homicide data in this chapter will not be related to population numbers[footnote 16]. The ethnicity classification used in each section is referenced throughout. These proportions have remained relatively stable over the last 5 years. Similarly, prisoners of Mixed ethnic groups made up 12% of all prisoners under 18, yet only accounting for 5% of the entire prison population. The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate. , The Rehabilitation Activity Requirement was introduced in 2014 under the Offender Rehabilitation Act and requires the offender to attend appointments and participate in activities selected by their responsible officer to support their rehabilitation and reduce reoffending. Figure 1.01: Ethnicity proportions for adults throughout the criminal justice system, 2020. The location in which a homicide was committed showed marked differences between ethnic groups. In relation to crime and deviance, sociologists are interested in the apparently significant differential incidence of criminality and victimhood among the various ethnicities. The proportion of White victims decreased by 7 percentage points (pp) since the previous three-year period (2014/15 to 2016/17), with corresponding increases in the proportions of victims from Black (up 3pp), Asian (up 2pp), and Other (up 2pp) ethnic groups. over the 7 years covered, the percentage of White people who said they were victims of crime went down from 17% to 13%. Receipt of subsequent information which alters our understanding of previous periods (for example late recording on one of the administrative IT systems used operationally). Documents fulfilling this requirement have been published since 1992, in the form of statistical reports. Black and minority ethnic (BAME) households in the UK are over twice as likely to live in poverty as their white counterparts . In comparison, these age groups accounted for 6% of victims from the White, 17% from Asian and 27% from Other ethnic groups. . The ACSL was longest for Chinese or Other offenders at 14.7 months, followed by Black at 13.7 months, Mixed 13.2 months, Asian 12.1 months and White 10.6 months. 13.2% of the UK prison population is black compared with their being 2.8% of the over 15 population. The average number of days spent at court (from first listing in magistrates courts to completion in Crown Court) for defendants dealt with in Crown Court cases varies across ethnicities. The average number of assailants was 1.29 and did not vary significantly by the victims' race or ethnicity. The Black ethnic group had the highest proportion of defendants remanded in custody, at 52%, whereas the White ethnic group had the lowest, at 36%. Arrests for Asian, Mixed and Other ethnicity children declined 24% to 25%. Of these, 79% were White, 12% Black, 4% Asian, 4% Mixed ethnicity, and 1% Chinese or Other ethnicities. , Pre-sentence reports (PSRs) are prepared by the Probation Service to provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. Individuals from the Black ethnic group were proportionally less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody in 2020. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. In contrast, across all years (except 2017), Black prisoners have consistently served a higher proportion of their determinate sentence, at 67% in 2020. The proportion of White children remanded at Crown Court has been increasing over the last 5 years from 26% in 2016 to 45% in 2020, converging with the proportion of children remanded in custody from minority ethnic groups. , The HMI Prisons section refers to race rather than ethnicity as this was the term used in the survey. , Persistent absence is when a pupil enrolments overall absence equates to 10 per cent or more of their possible sessions. in the year ending March 2020, 13% of people aged 16 and over said they had been the victim of a crime at least once in the last year. The HMI Prisons Annual Report 2020-21 identifies differences in reported prison experiences between racial groups[footnote 52][footnote 53]. The processes by which other revisions will be communicated and published. , Ethnicity was recorded for 96.5% of offenders supervised on post-release licence in 2020. Figure 5.03: Proportions of remand status by ethnic groups at Crown Court, 2020, England and Wales. Where young offenders received a custodial sentence, the proportion eligible for FSM increased across all ethnic groups. Unfortunately, we do not hold data on offences . Functionalist. , Data are self-declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2020; not including figures from HMPPS. Criminal legal aid consists of legal advice and representation provided to people being investigated or charged with a criminal offence. Since 2015/16 there have been statistically significant decreases in reports of victims of crimes seen in the Black (from 7 to 4%) and Asian (from 4 to 2%) ethnic groups. The crime rate in the UK has dropped to its lowest level since the early 1990s, according to estimates. In 2020, where ethnicity was known, the number of requirements started under community orders fell to 72,400[footnote 58]; a decrease of 33% since 2018. So 61% of the population is committing 58% of the violent crimes, so the math lines up. Detail how users will be informed of the need for revisions. Similar to trends in adults, children from the Asian ethnic group (3%) were significantly less likely to be victim of personal crime than those from the White ethnic group (7%). During this three-year period, 38% of Black homicide victims were of age 20 or younger; 13% of White, 24% of Asian and 33% of Other ethnicity homicide victims were in this age group. , We were only able to match data on those children who are both in DfE and MoJ datasets so cannot provide analysis specifically for non-offenders with these characteristics. Some Sociologists have suggested that cultural differences, especially differences in family life, may be responsible for underlying differences in offending between ethnic groups. In 2019/20, the CSEW estimated that 4% of adults were a victim of a personal crime on one or more occasions. Figure 7.06: Adult reoffending rate by age group and ethnicity, April 2018 to March 2019 offender cohort, England and Wales. This decrease was also significant for White (down 44%), Black (down 80%) and Asian (down 67%) children, in isolation. In 2020, Asian offenders had the longest ACSL for drug offences, at 46.2 months. , Self-declared from HR records reported table 3_5_JO_Magistrates Judicial Diversity Statistics, 2021 publication, the quoted figure covers all court judges; Judicial Diversity Statistics 2017. , Overall pupil population referring to cohort 2014/15. Stop and search rate per 1,000 people, and number of stop and search incidents, by ethnicity. , In 2018/19 Lancashire, Warwickshire and West Mercia stated that new IT systems and/or processes had led to changes in recording of detentions under section 136 of the Mental Health Act. In 2020, the ethnic group with the highest concordance rate with their PSR for immediate custodial sentences was the Mixed ethnic group, at 89%; this has remained consistent since 2018. ethnicity and crime statistics uk 2020trees that grow well in clay soil texas. Similarly, for children, a higher proportion of child offenders in the Asian and Chinese or Other ethnic groups were first time offenders. The Crime and Safety Surveys in Australia and Crime Victimisation Surveys conducted overseas consistently show that a . Of offenders receiving either type of order, 84% were White, 6% Black, 5% Asian, 3% Mixed ethnic groups and 1% Chinese or Other ethnic groups. It is the first time the national statistics agency has broken down homicide rates by ethnicity. 327.21%. These data can be found in our Crime in England and Wales: year ending September 2020 release. The Chinese or Other ethnic group had the highest number of defendants remanded in custody, at 62%, whereas the White ethnic group had the lowest number of defendants remanded in custody, at 42%. One stand-out trend for reasons for arrest is that Black people are . , Statistical significance between groups over the time series is represented with a *, This section reports on three years of combined data, 2017/18 to 2019/20. The Gangs Debate. , Ethnicity was known in 99.7% of oral parole board hearings in the year ending March 2021. The 2001 Census ethnicity question included Mixed ethnicity; this made the question more acceptable and relevant, though one downside was that it made it hard to compare with 1991 Census results, for some groups. National Statistics status means that official statistics meet the highest standards of trustworthiness, quality and public value. There was a greater number of male than female homicide victims in all ethnic groups. Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/ cautioned, a larger proportion of Black offenders (18%) had been permanently excluded, compared to White (14%), Asian (9%) and Other (9%) offenders[footnote 79]. , Excludes declarations of prefer not to say. This chapter reports on the trends in the composition of staff and practitioners throughout the CJS by ethnicity [footnote 90]. Although it is impossible to make it perfectly consistent, this will reduce the differences in types of offending and enable a more comparable comparison across groups. Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to: ESD@justice.gov.uk, The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. The largest proportionate decrease was seen in the White and Black ethnic groups (-18% and -17% respectively). Prior to 2019/20, Chinese arrests are counted within Other Ethnic Group. The lower ACSL for White defendants may be a result of a higher percentage of guilty plea rates for this ethnic group, resulting in shorter custodial sentences. This report compares the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program data on incidents of nonfatal violent crime to data from BJS's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to determine if arrest differences by race and ethnicity can be attributed to differences in criminal involvement. The defendant can be directed to appear in court or remanded on bail or in custody. Sociologists consider both why this might be and also . Despite this, only 49% of prisoners from Mixed ethnic groups felt that they had been kept safe from the virus, in comparison to 65% of White prisoners. They are awarded National Statistics status following an assessment by the Authoritys regulatory arm. Ethnic minority groups were more likely to be remanded in custody at Crown Court in comparison to White defendants. Ethnicity 9 2.2 Arrests 9 2.3 Transferred or cancelled records 12 Outcomes 12 2.4 Trends over time 13 2.5 Police Force Areas (PFA) 15 2.6 London 17 Will McMahon and Rebecca Robert Arrests declined 21% and 22%, respectively, for White and Black adult suspects, a higher rate than other ethnic groups. A higher proportion of prisoners from ethnic minority groups reported experiencing a type of bullying/victimisation from staff in the prisons, at 46% for Black and Mixed prisoners, 44% for Asian, and 43% for prisoners of Other ethnic groups, compared to 30% of White prisoners. In 2020, Asian offenders had the longest ACSL for drug offences, at 46.2 months. The number of knife crimes In England and Wales has risen to a new record high, says the Office for National Statistics. This chapter looks at particular indictable offences to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and court outcomes. The ethnic group question from the 2001 Census. Recommendations can also be made for a prisoner to remain in the open prison estate. Supplementary Excel (in an Open .ods format) tables accompany the chapters, providing additional data where the figures have not previously been published (or not published in that form). Drug offences accounted for 40% of convictions for Black offenders, 39% for Asian offenders, 32% for Mixed ethnicity offenders, 31% for Chinese or Other ethnic groups, and 19% for White offenders. A 21% decrease was seen in requirements started under suspended sentence orders. The areas of focus include: Victimisation; Police Activity; Defendants and Court Outcomes; Offender Management; Offender Characteristics; Offence Analysis; and Practitioners. If we become concerned about whether these statistics are still meeting the appropriate standards, we will discuss any concerns with the Authority promptly. Crime lower work is carried out by legal aid providers at police stations, in magistrates courts and prison. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS): The ethnic background of the CPS, where ethnicity was known, has remained broadly similar between 2016 and 2020[footnote 92]. Therefore, users should be careful when comparing cohort 2015/16 and earlier to subsequent annual figures. Where changes to data systems or data quality issues do not allow for this, trends have been presented for the longest periods possible. A decline in custody rate was observed in 2020, likely a result of the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on courts and the prioritisation of non-jury trials . Tue 30 Jun 2020 19.01 EDT Last modified on Wed 1 Jul 2020 12.15 EDT. * Possession (Class B, excluding cannabis) , Ethnicity was recorded for 85.7% of community orders and 87.6% of suspended sentence orders commenced in 2020. The most recent figures in this publication show the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on criminal court prosecutions and outcomes following guidance and restrictions since March 2020. This was driven by the overrepresentation of Black individuals in the proportion of stop and searches; 17% of all stop and searches were of Black individuals. Analysis of offender characteristics such as SEN and FSM is also based on academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15. Other young offenders had the lowest proportion recorded as persistently absent at 66%. . Together, these five offence groups equate to 97% of all prosecutions and convictions for indictable drug offences where ethnicity is known. Much of this information has previously been published in the Offender Management statistics quarterly publication, where statistics on adjudications, Home Detention Curfew, Release on Temporary Licence and Licence Recalls can also be found. , Detailed results of the survey can be found in table 6.06 in the tables document published alongside this report. Data Access and Compliance Unit. Figure 5.05: Percentages of sentencing outcomes for all ethnicities, 2020, England and Wales. RRI analysis shows that defendants from Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups were not significantly more or less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody compared to White defendants, and Black and Asian defendants were 6% and 4% less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody in comparison with White defendants respectively. Fast Forward to the 21st century, and the criminological debate about race and crime now centred on the involvement of Black young people in street gangs. , More information of ethnic group classifications can be found in Appendix I, Officer identified ethnicity can refer to ethnicity recorded by any third party, such as a police officer, clerk or a member of the data entry team. Police Activity. This section focusses on disaggregating the outcomes that are a result of a professional judgement (i.e. This goes against the trend from 2016 where the numbers of prosecutions had been rising each year for all ethnic groups except Black. A higher proportion of prosecutions for Black and Mixed ethnic groups were against children, 12% and 14% respectively, compared to 5% for White defendants. Persistent absence is when a pupil enrolments overall absence equates to 10 per cent or more up. 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