Only his son Harry Harkness Flagler survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. However, a great cloud of bad luck was soon to fall over the Flagler family. [citation needed], In 1862, Flagler and his brother-in-law Barney Hamlin York (18331884) founded the Flagler and York Salt Company, a salt mining and production business in Saginaw, Michigan. He was a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway.He is known as the father of Miami, Florida. Mary Harkness had been frail since childhood and her father often sent to a boarding school Savannah, Georgia as a means of sparing her from harsh northern winters. [44], Although Flagler remained on the board of directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the corporation to pursue his interests in Florida. Perhaps fortunately for Smith, he couldn't come up with the funds,[45] so Flagler began construction of the 540-room Ponce de Leon Hotel by himself, but spent several times his original estimate. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. In 1882, Flagler and Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. [37], When Flagler envisioned successes in the oil industry, he and Rockefeller started building their fortune in refining oil in Cleveland, Ohio. It was due largely to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 (equivalent to $1.94million in 2021[6]) on the condition that Flagler be made a partner. Indeed, there was a legal loophole provided to affluent Americans they were allowed to pay $300 to the government and hire a substitute to serve in their place. His mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Morrison Harkness. At last in 1911, the Supreme Court of the United States found Standard Oil Company of New Jersey in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. He was twenty-three and she was twenty and they were married in her father's home. Those first two seasons during which Flagler hosted an innumerable amount of parties, electric light displays, and opulent dinners (all of which were accompanied by music from the best musicians of the time) were met with eager approval by guests and the press. [11] The cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. As elated as the couple was to meet their first and only son, her condition made planning for Harry's future feel disturbingly somber. Because Henry Flagler had not yet claimed Florida as his own, Savannah, Georgia was considered to be the last bastion of civilization on the East Coast. [8] By 1872, it led the American oil refining industry, producing 10,000 barrels per day (1,600m3/d). He was instrumental in stopping an Al-Qaeda attack on the USS Seahawk battlegroup (which the Watertown was a part of). His grandson Solomon changed the spelling of the surname to Flagler and passed it on to his 11 children. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. Municipal, State, and Federal government officials questioned how many limits they should place on these "Captains of Industry." Eldest daughter Jennie Louise died when she was a young woman (more on her later). Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. Flagler found the city charming, but the hotel facilities and transportation systems inadequate. Enamoured by what Henry Flagler had been up to down south, droves of rich tourists made that harrowing journey to St. Augustine. He had caught the smell of opportunity in Florida and would eventually follow it all the way south to Key West. Along with cheques and stocks, Flagler also gifted his wife with a new estate in Palm Beach, Florida. Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. Flagler was in a special position to make those deals due to his connections as a grain merchant. [33] Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of the trust. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. Now, imagine two hundred-plus years have passed. The Hotel Alcazar is now the location of St. Augustine City Hall and the Lightner Museum, and the Casa Monica Hotel is still in business to this day. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. This was the beginning of the Standard Oil company, which would catapult both men into unimaginable levels of wealth. (bosses daughter) Mary Harkness (step cousin) 1853. St. Augustine, FL: Saint Augustine Historical Society, 1978. Instead of attending lunch with his fellow businessmen, he took to hosting grand parties at his new summer estate (which was ominously named "Satan's Toe"). Racked with bronchitis and unable to do much for herself, Mary joined Henry in the Buckingham Hotel. In June 1870, Flagler and Rockefeller formed Standard Oil of Ohio, which rapidly became the most profitable refiner in Ohio. Rockefeller. [30] Additional fields were discovered in Burma and Java. Though Henry Flagler didn't join in on the war, it certainly affected his career choices. Though he didn't recognize him through his medicinal stupor, Henry Flagler's only son, Harry Harkness, was at his father's bedside alongside Mary Lily Kenan Flagler, whom Harry was actually meeting for the first time. Though Flagler and Rockefeller had long maintained a policy of active silence with the press, they decided to make themselves more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction. Not to mention a talented young woman named Mary Lily. Biography. You see, demand for salt had risen with the beginning of the war it was necessary for the preservation of food for the troops. Henry Morrison Flagler Museum: Very Disappointing - See 1,507 traveler reviews, 1,197 candid photos, and great deals for Palm Beach, FL, at Tripadvisor. Col Henry Ostrom & Elizabeth Flagler? Welcome to Ms. Collins, Ms. Bellino, and Ms. King's 4th grade history virtual fieldtrip! Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $784million in 2021). One stormy night, Alice is said to have nearly caused a shipwreck by not allowing the captain to return to port for several hours, despite experiencing gale-force winds and seasick friends. Such incentive led to the development of Miami, which was an unincorporated area at the time. She and her family were given expensive gifts by Henry Flagler in celebration. In just eighteen months of harried work and lavish spending, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was opened for business in January of 1888. When asked by the president of Rollins College in Winter Park about his philanthropic efforts, Flagler reportedly replied, "I believe this state is the easiest place for many men to gain a living. Flagler and Rockefeller then decided to issue certificates against oil stored in Standard Oil's pipelines. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. Asylum Hospital for crazy people. [14] Standard was growing horizontally and vertically. A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. As fate would have it, Henry had been invited to work at a general store by a family . "The Flagler Pavilion was built across the street at Edgewood for the Flaglers' daughter Elizabeth's 1927 wedding to J. Andrews Harris lll," said Millbrook Historian David Greenwood. However, this building's history is tragic and short. While in this state he met his good pastor, to whom, being soundly upbraided for his condition, he replied, 'I've been giving all my days to the Lord hitherto, and now I'm taking one for myself. He served as a vice president through 1908 and was part of ownership until 1911. Because he was famous and successful and he made a lot of things in Florida. However, the boom did not last. She lived the rest of her life in New York, under strict supervision by her guardians (who were chosen by Flagler, of course). At the same time, he began to have an affair with Mary Lily Kenan; by 1899, newspapers began to openly question whether the two were having an affair. Henry Flagler, who was considered the "brain" Rockefeller "Standard Oil," better known perhaps as the creator of the "American Riviera" in Florida (Standiford, pp. The family being of moderate means, Henry struck out from New York to Republic, Ohio in 1844. We Floridians have a very specific image of Henry Flagler in our minds: he is an old man with bright eyes cast in bronze. "The Peonage Controversy and the Florida East Coast Railway,", Graham, Thomas. Thus began an era of Flagler's life that he never spoke about to the press one of scrimping and scraping. Gainesville, FL. They were rightfully concerned about allowing a wildly wealthy individual to have that much control over the public works of St. Augustine. Also, on July 28, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled on the southeast steps of Miami's Dade County Courthouse, located on Miami's Flagler Street. Flagler commissioned the architects and builders of his other St. Augustine buildings to create the Venetian Renaissance Revival style . This 'FEC' project had been underway since the late 1880s, when Flagler purchased the St. Augustine & Halifax Railroad in Jacksonville. As a gift to Kenan, Flagler built Whitehall, a 55-room winter getaway in Palm Beach. Mrs. Featuring air conditioning, The Henry Flagler offers accommodations in Layton. He even owned newspapers in Florida. Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Architecture & Decoration. Henry Flagler was seventy-one, whilst his beaming bride was thirty-four. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." Whitehall, Palm Beach, is open to the public as the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum; his private railcar No. The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. One of the grain brokers If they refused the offer, Flagler and Rockefeller told them they would run them into bankruptcy and then cheaply buy up their assets at auction. In 1868, at age 37, Flagler joined with John Rockefeller and Samuel Andrews to form the Rockefeller, Andrews and Flagler Oil Refinery. "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." He himself is located to the side of them. His business dealings, along with those of partner John D. Rockefeller's, were laid out in painstaking detail by one bold muckraker of the era, Ida It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to Vaseline petroleum jelly to chewing gum. Version accessed: St. Augustine, FL: Historic Print & Map Company, 2004. Over the course of her marriage to Henry Flagler, Ida Alice Shourds is reported to have begun displaying unstable behavior she was rumored to have a temper, and her fondness for lavish parties and attention did not go unnoticed by Gilded Age Society. He would describe his childhood often as having been 'hungry and cold'. Immediately, she began taking advantage of the fortune she had married into like any budding socialite, she loved gowns, jewelry, and yachts. [12], Undeterred, though vilified for the first time by the press, Flagler and Rockefeller continued with their self-reinforcing cycle of buying competing refiners, improving the efficiency of operations, pressing for discounts on oil shipments, undercutting competition, making secret deals, raising investment pools, and buying rivals out. It is one of his most significant projects, because it was constructed as a memorial to Flagler's only daughter, Jenny. A large portion of his estate was designated for a "niece" who was said actually to be a child born out of wedlock. He is known as the father of Miami, Florida and also founded Palm Beach, Florida. In 1897, Flagler opened the Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River, overlooking Biscayne Bay. But in the aftermath of that battle, in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted Flagler and Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. Flagler and Rockefeller saw themselves as the industry's saviors, "an angel of mercy" absorbing the weak and making the industry as a whole stronger, more efficient, and more competitive. [64], On February 24, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled in Key West near the spot where the Over-Sea Railroad once terminated. 3 episodes. Their only son was born in 1870. The land owners were Julia Tuttle, whom he had met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who ran a trading post on the Miami River. Even when a draft was issued in 1862, requiring American men 18 to 45 to join the service, Henry Flagler did not join the military. By the end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S.[15], In 1877, Standard clashed with Thomas A. Scott the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, its chief hauler. When son Harry Harkness Flagler was born in December of 1870, Mary's frail health was greatly weakened by giving birth. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. Within six years, Henry was earning enough money to purchase a showy Victorian house in Bellevue. In 1853, young Henry followed suit when Lamon Harkness' middle daughter, Mary, became his first wife. [39] According to Allan Nevins, in John D. Rockefeller (p 292), "Standard Oil was born as a big enterprise, it had cut its teeth as a partnership and was now ready to plunge forward into a period of greater expansion and development. "[63], Miami's main east-west street is named Flagler Street and is the main shopping street in Downtown Miami. The couple had two daughters, Jennie Louise, born in 1855, and Carrie, born in 1858. Birth Name: Henry Flagler Occupation: Entrepreneur Place Of Birth: NY Date Of Birth: January 2, 1830 Date Of Death: May 20, 1913 Cause Of Death: N/A Ethnicity: Unknown Nationality: American Henry Flagler was born on the 2nd of January, 1830. Mary was born in Ohio in 1833. By 1852, Henry had saved enough money to become the one-third-owner of the Harkness & Company alongside his half-brother Dan and Dan's uncle Lamon. After Mary died Henry married her nurse-caregiver, Ida Alice Shourds. [26] Its share of world oil refining topped out above 90% but slowly dropped to about 80% for the rest of the century. After their wedding, the couple traveled to Saint Augustine. He was best known for being a Entrepreneur. Flagler's second wife, the former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared insane[50] by Flagler's friend Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized on and off starting that year. There is also a kitchen, equipped with a dishwasher, oven and microwave. Henry Flagler: A Man of Big Dreams Henry Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. Volume 86, Number 514, 1893. Perhaps those years after the Civil War were what imbued Flagler with his infamously shrewd business practices. When Mary contracted tuberculosis, at her doctor's recommendation they traveled . As he went, Flagler spent exorbitant amounts of money to build hotels in certain cities along the way. Flagler's affiliation with the Harkness family would have a fortuitous effect upon his future. It was a small town of roughly 1,000 individuals, but familial connections led to a job at a general store. [11] Part of this scheme was the announcement of sharply increased freight charges. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. He built a railroad bridge across the St. Johns River to gain access to the southern half of the state and purchased the Hotel Ormond, just north of Daytona. If you ask the same question in Florida, most people will have known someone who lives on Flagler Blvd., in Flagler County, or down the road from the Flagler Museum. Henry Flagler, son of a Presbyterian minister, had Memorial Presbyterian Church built in memory of his daughter Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict and her newborn daughter Margery, both of whom died in 1889. [citation needed], Needing capital for his new venture, Rockefeller approached Flagler in 1867. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. [citation needed], By the end of the American Civil War, Cleveland was one of the five main refining centers in the U.S. (besides Pittsburgh, New York City, Philadelphia, and the region in northwestern Pennsylvania where most of the oil originated). The year was 1885, the month was April and things were just getting started. [41] The history of American oil refining begins with Flagler and Rockefeller, as they built the biggest, most prosperous and monopolizing oil empire of their time: Standard Oil. At the time, Key West was Florida's most populous city, with a population of 20,000, and it was also the United States' deep water port closest to the canal that the U.S. government proposed to build in Panama. FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. Henry explained: "We worked night and day, making good oil as cheaply as possible and selling it for all we could get. As you go through the . Flager and his lawyers defeated all legal challenges and neither the company or its employees were ever convicted in court. She left the millions she inherited to members of her family and to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Melbert Cary died in 1941, and after his death Mary continued to divide her. He became president of the Symphony Society of New York in 1914 . Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. [56][57], When the Department of Justice prosecuted four Flagler employment agents in 1908 for "conspiracy to hold workmen in peonage and slavery," the Flagler-owned The Florida Times-Union and other Florida newspapers depending on the Times-Union for material or owned by Flagler published articles to "influence juries and public opinion." "[57][58], According to historian Joe Knetsch, reformers and muckrakers exaggerated charges of peonage regarding construction of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1893 to 1909. [citation needed], The Overseas Railroad, also known as the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway, was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. Along with the mounting unrest between himself and Ida Alice, Flagler was also butting heads with his son, Harry. Henry Flagler was John D. Rockefeller's most significant business partner at Standard Oil. The judge instructed the jury to find them not guilty because the "prosecution had failed to prove 'an agreement of minds with evil intent to conspire'. Flagler's son dropped out of school and failed to follow his father into business, causing a lifelong rift between the two men. He became known as the Father of Miami, Florida. Due to the harsh working and living conditions in the railway construction camps, many workers became victims of debt slavery. [52] A spouse's mental incapacity was later restored by the legislature as a grounds for dissolution of marriage, and remains the law of Florida today. [43], When Flagler's first wife Mary (ne Harkness) fell sick, his physician recommended they travel to Jacksonville for the winter to escape the brutal conditions of the North. [citation needed]. This is a major source for this Historical Person Profile highly recommended! Through this business, Flagler became acquainted with John D. Rockefeller, who worked as a commission agent with Hewitt and Tuttle for the Harkness Grain Company. McGuire & McDonald were in charge of construction. Henry M. Flagler, in full Henry Morrison Flagler, (born January 2, 1830, Hopewell, New York, U.S.died May 20, 1913, West Palm Beach, Florida), American financier and partner of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., in establishing the Standard Oil Company. The rumor mill suspected that this change in priorities was due to Henry's association with one Ida Alice Shourds a red-haired, green-eyed actress who was rumored to have been Mary Harkness Flagler's nursemaid during her final years. This is somewhat my case. Flagler and Rockefeller finally gave up their dream of controlling all the world's oil refining. [53], On August 24, 1901, 10 days after his divorce, Flagler married Mary Lily at her family's plantation, Liberty Hall, and the couple soon moved into their new Palm Beach estate, Whitehall, a 55-room beaux arts home designed by the New York-based firm of Carrre and Hastings, which also had designed the New York Public Library and the Pan-American Exposition. However, this kindly nickname does not do justice to the full story of Flagler, who was nearly fifty years old when he first set foot in Florida in 1878. So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. [28], Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. Flagler gave them the honored center positions in the mausoleum. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. "Our Own Riviera," Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Two years after his first wife died in 1881, he married again. Henry Morrison Flagler (1830 - 1913) Henry Morrison Flagler Born 2 Jan 1830 in Hopewell, Ontario, New York, USA Ancestors Son of Isaac Flagler and Elizabeth (Caldwell) Flagler Brother of Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness [half] and Daniel Morrison Harkness [half] Husband of Mary (Harkness) Flagler married 9 Nov 1853 (to 18 May 1881) in Huron, Ohio We correct them as soon as they come to our knowledge. Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler inherited the majority of Henry Flagler's fortune but was unlucky enough to die of an apparent heart attack, only five years after Flagler's death. 2. "[55], Flagler allegedly used convicts leased from Florida prison camps, the majority of them African-American, to clear land for the Royal Palm Hotel in Miami and to build the Florida East Coast Railway from West Palm Beach to Miami and the rail extension to Key West. Her eldest daughter, Jennie Louise, was twenty- six. the Trust and Non-Profit Organization established by Flagler's grand-daughter Jean Flagler Matthews, to preserve Whitehall, has . Timeline Sources cited Graham, T. (2014) Mr. Flagler's St. Augustine (A Florida Quincentennial Book). As a result, Flagler and Rockefeller and their associates owned dozens of separate corporations, each of which operated in just one state; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy. 1853 to Mary Harkness ( step cousin ) 1853 Buckingham hotel for Jennie and her baby daughter in... Being of moderate means, Henry was earning enough money to purchase a showy Victorian in. And cold & # x27 ; hungry and cold & # x27 ; s most significant partner. Would describe his childhood often as having been & # x27 ; lawyers defeated all legal and... 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